| 摘要: | 本文以湖南平江縣黃金洞鄉、攸縣鸞山鄉及新田縣門樓下鄉的客家話為研究對象，探討來自閩、粵、贛三地的客家族群自遷入湖南後，與原鄉在時間及空間上的長期阻隔後所表現出的詞彙特色，以及與鄰近方言接觸互動後的詞彙變化。本文共有六章，第一章為緒論，說明研究動機與目的、研究方法和步驟，相關研究文獻及調查對象史地概況。第二章為語音系統說明，分別介紹各點的聲韻調及連讀變調。第三章除了說明各點的特殊詞義外，也進行三個調查點內部及與原鄉閩、粵、贛客家話的共部比較，歸納出湖南客家話三個調查點共有的詞彙特點為（1）反映出地理位置的過度性與限制性（2）因語言接觸而使詞彙使用多樣化（3）文化共同變化的痕跡（4）詞彙使用明顯在地化。第四章透過與鄰近方言的外部比較，分析出客家話中的湘、贛語成份借用方式有詞形部份移借、音韻部份移借、詞形完全移借、音韻完全移借及合璧詞等五種類型，並從借詞數量觀察湖南客家話與鄰近方言的親疏關係，發現湖南客家話受贛語影響較深，卻又漸帶湘語特色。第五章主要從造詞、構詞及詞彙派生能力等方面對湖南客家話各點共同表現出的詞彙現象，及部分點獨有的特殊詞彙表現進行討論。第六章為結論，歸納出湖南客家話的詞彙特點，最後並檢討本文研究的不足及提出未來可再進一步研究的發展方向。This thesis is an exploration of the Hakka Dialects of Pingjiangxien Huangjindong（平江縣黃金洞）, Youxian Luansan（攸縣鸞山） and Xintianxian Menlouxiaxia（新田縣門樓下） villages in Hunan. We intend to investigate the characteristic changes of the lexicon as well as the language shift as a result of extended periods of time and distance from their hometowns of these Hakka immigrants who had moved from their original hometowns in the Min,Yue and Gan provinces and had continual contact with speakers of other dialects in their new residences since the Ming and Ching Dynasties.This thesis is comprised of six chapters. The first is the preface which explains the motivation and purpose, the research method and steps taken, an annotated bibliography of related articles, as well as a situational account of the history and geography of the place and people being researched.The second chapter is an explanation of the phonetic system, which is divided into consonants, vowels and tone sandhi.Aside from discussing the particular meanings of words in each geographical area, the third chapter further compares the Hakka dialects of the three areas surveyed with the dialects spoken in their points of origin. This data is summarized into four parts: (1) reflecting the limitations and transitions of the geographical locations; (2) the variety of word usage due to language contact; (3) common traces of cultural change; and (4) evident localization of vocabulary usage.Through a comparison of neighboring dialects, the fourth chapter analyzes the ratio and methods of borrowings from the Xiang and Gan dialects into the Hakka dialects. There are five major types of borrowings: partial word types, partial phonetic, complete word types, complete phonetic, as well as hybird. Moreover, it will be observed through the proximity relationships and the quantity of these borrowings, that Hunan Hakka had traditionally been predominately influenced by the Gan dialect, but with noticeable inroads being made by the distinctive qualities of the Xiang dialect in recent years.The fifth chapter is a discussion of the simultaneous existence of the distinctly Hunan Hakka dialects with regards to morphology, word formation and the ability of derivation.Furthermore, we will delve into the distinctive qualities of each of the aforementioned dialects.The sixth chapter is the conclusion, in which the unique characteristics of the Hunan Hakka dialects are generalized. Finally, an examination of the shortcomings of this study as well as possible future approaches to further this line of research will be proposed. |
