| 摘要: | 摘 要 明代立國之初，為了標櫫漢文化的道德教化，特別著意於旌表節義，因此，旌表制度自明太祖開國以來，即是一個頗受重視的制度。也由於明太祖對於正人心、敦教化、厚風俗的高度重視，認為教化之始在於齊家，家齊則國治，因此，明代一立國，就在崇尚節義上大作文章，以期釐正風化。特別是針對婦女守節一項特別注重，並對於願意守節的婦女，提供了一些經濟保障與優待政策。政府冀望透過旌表制度的運作，使節婦的道德精神與行為，能夠得到官方正式與公開的肯定稱頌，進而對整個社會產生促進作用。除了行政措施之外，亦結合程朱理學與女教書的宣傳，達成全面性的意識型態控制，這種對婦女守貞態度的大力鼓吹與推行，使得社會上瀰漫了濃重的泛道德氣氛。此外，明代興盛的宗族組織，對於婦女的守節也具備了相當的約束力，迫使幾乎沒有財產權的婦女，守節成為理想的選擇。 維持生計是寡母必須面對的首要問題，也是能否守節的關鍵。然而最重要的，還是孤子的教養問題。母教是儒家文化非常重視的婦女責任，也可以說是身為母親的重責大任，尤其在啟蒙、督誡、訓勉等課子之事上。在許多丈夫早逝的家庭裡，寡母須身兼慈母與嚴師的角色，督促著兒子的學業生涯。望子成龍不僅是一般父母的期望，對於寡母來說更是如此，畢竟，科舉取仕是改善生活環境及光耀門楣的重要途徑。因此，在有限的經濟能力及政策的侷限下，寡母多數採取嚴格的方式，督促著孤子早日登科，以完成母親及家族的宿願。 在嚴格母教中成長的孤子，其行為模式無形中也延續了母親的影子。身為地方官，能如同母親般的慈愛，關愛其子民，並竭盡所能地減少天災及人禍對百姓的殘害，面對地方豪強時，又如同母親守節育子的堅強，能克服種種艱難挑戰使百姓能安居樂業；身為朝中大臣，則不忘時時以國家社稷、百姓安危為重，即使面對可能丟掉性命的命運，也會甘冒龍顏直言進諫。忠與孝本是相輔相成，對母親盡孝，進而對君主盡忠，明清鼎革之際，幾位為國捐軀或誓死不易志的人物，便是由寡母教養而成的典型代表。孤兒寡母的相互依存，進而建立起母子倆的情感相連，使得孤子各方面的表現，多少都有母親或母教的影子，互為彼此生命中的重要組成分子。Engilsh Abstract In order to emphasize morality teaching of Han culture, The Ming Dynasty (MD) especially honored the virtue of temperance and justice in the early era of Ming dynasty. Merit-commending system was highly recognized ever since the first emperor, Great Ancestor of Ming, Hongwu Emperor, brought about the country. MD paid highly attention on the virtues when the country was first built. Since Hongwu Emperor highlighted erecting people’s will, legitimizing indoctrination, and deepening the decorum, and considered the incipience of indoctrination originated from ordering to one’s family, then organizing one’s country. The society greatly signified decency, morals and manners, especially chastity for widows. The government offered financial programs and preferential policies to insure widows’ economic situation and social status. The authority expected that through the operation of merit-commending system, which eulogized the deeds and spirit of virtuous widows officially and openly, the overall social moral stander could be risen and developed. What is more, the bureaucracy utilized the propaganda of Cheng-Zhu school (程朱理學)and Female Teaching Book (女書)to procure an overall control of ideology. The endeavor of the movement resulted the contemporary society pervading atmosphere of pan-moralism. Powerful clan hierarchy had great impact on constraining chastity-preserving. It turned out that women lost their property right so that preserving-chastity grow into the best choice for widows. Earning living was the most difficulty problem for widows. It is also the key whether they were able to maintain chastity. However, the major issue for them was education to their male bereaved of their fathers. Family education is the most extraordinary responsibly for women according to Confucius teaching. In other words, it is considered as the most essential duty for mothers, especially, in terms of initiation, discipline, and instructing. Many mothers, whose husbands died at their early age, therefore played a role in two folds, loving mother and strict instructor. To hope a child having bright future is not only a usual mother’s wish, for widows the wish was even heavier. Since passing the imperial examination and becoming a member of official was a significant pathway to improve their living condition and glory their families, these widow mothers mostly applied rigid ways of education to urge their children to pass the exam and meet family goals under limited finance and restrained policy support. The behavior patterns of the officials who were educated under their strict widow mothers remained their mothers’ way of teaching unconsciously. In order to make their people living in peace and enjoy their works. They overcame many hardships and challenges. Being a local official, they could be like a loving mother concerned their people and did their best to decrease the impact of nature disasters and man-made calamities. They turned resolute like persevere mothers when they confronted regional tyrants. In another side, being a minister in the government, they placed the country and people’s interests as their first priority. They took the risk of losing their lives to make correction to the emperor. Faith and filial piety complements each other-filial piety to their mother, then faithful to the emperor. They are the typical representatives laid down their lives for MD during the time changing dynasty to Qing, who were brought up by the widow mothers . The orphans and their widow mothers were complement one anther and built a very close tie to each other. Thus, the performance of the official adopted their mothers unconsciously. In turns both became a very important element to their lives. |
