| 摘要: | 從人性尊嚴論複製人、基因增強 中文摘要 基因科技的發展雖為人類帶來巨大的利益和醫療效果，卻也引起某些倫理、社會、法律層面的隱憂，出現許多反對聲浪，尤其反對者擔憂基因技術會造成人性的操控，導致人性尊嚴的傷害，因此反對基因科技的發展；對此本論文將以相當受到矚目和爭議的「複製人」和「基因增強」作為論述對象，來探討這兩種基因科技是否皆涉及侵犯人性尊嚴，或者如何對人性尊嚴造成傷害。 「人性尊嚴」為本文最重要，也是首先論述的重點。本文主要是以康德（Kant）的倫理學和儒家的義理去探討其人性尊嚴觀點，因人性尊嚴的主要問題在於其內涵的抽象、不明確，因而造成許多人的質疑，然而人性尊嚴是否只是無用的概念，本文將藉康德的人性尊嚴觀點來予以澄清；而當人之所以為人而有其價值和尊嚴是來自於人的道德表現時，則無道德能力的人類道德受動者是否仍享有人性尊嚴的保障，也將藉由儒家的仁心或不忍人之心來予以證成。 對於複製人、基因增強是否有違反人性尊嚴，本文將運用康德的目的程式和儒家的相關義理來做檢視、評析，主要在於釐清指責複製人違反人性尊嚴的理由並不成立，之所以被認為違反人性尊嚴主要是在於錯誤的信念，以及他人不當的動機、歧視態度和作為等；而在治療目的以外的基因增強，只是獨厚於人類物種的競爭工具，且可能造成人類物化、基因商品化，和基因歧視等問題，這些都將嚴重違反人性尊嚴而更應嚴格規定禁止才是。 關鍵字：人性尊嚴、複製人、基因增強、康德、儒家、道德受動者、目的程式、仁心、不忍人之心 On Human Cloning and Genetic Enhancement: An Examination from the Perspective of Human Dignity ABSTRACT Although the development of genetic technology has brought tremendous benefits and medical improvement to mankind, it also caused much worry about its ethical, legal and social impacts. To these, there are strong criticisms. In particular, opponents worried that genetic technology would result in the manipulation of human nature, leading to degradation of human dignity. Human cloning and genetic enhancement are the rwo most controversial issues. They are the main theme of this thesis and I try to explore the claim that these two kinds of genetic technology may involve violations of human dignity, or damage to human dignity. Human dignity is the most important keyword of my study. I examine first Kant’s and Confucian view on human dignity, because the main problem is that its meaning is abstract and unclear, resulting in many skeptical doubts. I shall argue with Kant’s help against the claim that human dignity is a useless concept. And, futher, with the help of the Confucian notion of the mind that could not bear the sufferings of others that even human moral patients enjoy the protection from human dignity. Based upon the notion of human dignity of Kant and Confucianism, I try to argue that human cloning and genetic enhancement do not violate human dignity. Some of the accusations lie with wrong believes, as well as other improper motive, such as discriminatory attitudes in such employments. These could be and should be removed. However, when genetic enhancement is used as a competitive tool, we have to watch out that there are violations of human dignity since they may cause human materialization, gene commercialization and discrimination, which should be strictly prohibited. Keywords: human dignity, human cloning, genetic enhancement, Kant, Confucianism, moral patient, end-in-itself formula, moral mind. |
